《风景园林》2024-04刊首语 | 郑曦：人居环境促进健康行为

全文刊登于《风景园林》2024年第4期 P8-9

人居环境促进健康行为

Living Environment Facilitate Healthy Behaviors

在我们的日常生活中，越来越多的健康行为在绿色空间中得以实现。跑步、骑行、健步、健身、跳舞、跳操、露营、野餐、玩飞盘、皮划艇、儿童游戏、种菜等活动，不仅仅是一种休闲，更是一种对健康的投资。这些健康行为与绿色空间的紧密联系，让我们深刻认识到健康与所处环境密不可分。

健康与城市环境紧密相关，包括物质环境和社会环境。物质环境的质量，如空气和水的清洁度，以及绿色空间的获取便利与否，都直接影响着个体的健康。生活在环境污染严重的地区，可能会增加患呼吸道疾病等风险；而拥有充足的绿地，则有助于促进身体活动和精神健康。此外，社区和基础设施的设计也会对健康产生影响，方便可达的人行道、自行车道、公共交通系统以及良好的健康食品选择机会，可以鼓励健康的生活方式。社会环境同样重要，强大的社会凝聚力和支持网络有助于改善整体健康，而社区内的文化氛围和习俗也会影响到饮食、运动以及医疗保健的选择。因此，健康是一个复杂的系统，受到身体、社会、经济和文化因素的共同影响。

绿色空间的增加对居民的健康行为产生了积极影响。绿地不仅为人们提供了休闲、运动和社交的场所，还在改善空气质量、减少噪声污染、缓解心理压力等方面发挥着重要作用。通过接触绿色空间，人们更有可能开展散步、慢跑或骑自行车等户外活动，从而增加体育活动量，改善生理和心理健康。因此，增加绿地数量、提升绿地质量和可达性是创造健康城市环境的重要举措之一。除了绿色空间外，城市的步行友好型设计也对健康行为产生了显著影响，可有效提升身体活动水平，步行友好型社区可以鼓励居民选择步行或骑自行车作为主要的交通方式，减少对汽车的依赖，从而促进定期锻炼，并降低久坐不动的健康风险；此外还可以促进社区凝聚力，培养归属感和联系感，从而提升整体福祉。因此，通过优化人行道、提高街道连通性和便利设施邻近度，可以有效地创造步行友好型城市环境，促进健康行为的形成。

另一个影响健康行为的重要因素是社会支持网络和社区资源的存在。牢固的社会关系与更好的心理健康结果、对健康行为的坚持有关。通过提供安全维护良好的环境，可以鼓励个人开展户外活动和体育锻炼，有效地支持居民的健康行为，缩小健康差距，创造促进健康行为的生活环境。

从古至今，许多城市通过设计生活环境特征来促进健康行为。古罗马时期的公共浴池和水渠为居民提供了保持个人卫生和社交的场所，促进了公众健康。而英国的田园城市运动则通过整合绿色空间、步行友好街道和便利设施，创造了自给自足的社区，提升了居民的整体福祉。丹麦哥本哈根通过优先考虑自行车基础设施和创造一种“拥抱”自行车的文化，显著减少了对汽车的依赖、交通拥堵和碳排放，促进了体育锻炼和健康的生活方式。新加坡健康促进委员会通过“健康城市，健康生活”计划等，倡议设计具有充足绿色空间、步行道和娱乐设施的社区，创造促进健康的环境。无论是历史上的创新还是当代的举措，城市环境对个体的行为和生活方式具有重要的影响，成功的干预措施都优先考虑个人和社区的福祉，须将健康考虑纳入规划设计和社区发展工作中，以创造促进健康行为、提高居民生活质量和幸福感的人居环境。

Increasingly more healthy behaviors are being realized in green spaces in our daily lives. Such activities running, fitness, dancing, skipping, camping, picnicking, playing frisbee, kayaking, children playing, cycling, hiking and gardening are not only a form of recreation, but also an investment in health. The strong connection between such health behaviors and green spaces reveals to us some insights into the philosophy that health is inextricably intertwined with our living environments.

Health is closely related to urban environments, which include physical ones and social ones. The quality of physical environments, e.g., the cleanliness of air and water, or the availability of green space, would deliver a direct impact on the health of individuals. Living in a highly polluted area may exacerbate the risk of developing respiratory diseases, while enjoying adequate green space is conducive to physical activity and mental health. Additionally, the design of communities and infrastructure has an impact on health; for example, expedient sidewalks, bike paths and public transportation systems, as well as well-functioning healthy food choices, can promote healthy lifestyles. Equally important is the social environment, because strong social cohesion and supportive networks are beneficial to the overall health; and the cultural climate and practices within communities can also influence the selection of diet, exercise, and health care. Therefore, health is a complex system, which is influenced jointly by physical, social, economic and cultural factors.

 Increased green space can positively affect residents’ health behaviors. While providing venues for people to recreate, exercise and socialize, green spaces would play an significant role in improving air quality, reducing noise, pollution and relieving psychological stress, among other things. Through exposure to green space, people will get prone to be engaged in outdoor activities, such as walking, jogging or cycling, thereby increasing physical activities and improving their physical and mental health. Therefore, increasing the amount of green space and enhancing its quality and accessibility is one of the most significant initiatives for forging a healthy urban environment. In addition to green spaces, pedestrian-friendly design in cities also has a significant impact on health behaviors. Walkability delivers a significant impact on physical activity levels, and pedestrian-friendly communities would encourage residents to choose walking or biking as their primary modes of transportation, thus reducing their dependence on automobiles. In this way, regular exercises are promoted, and the risk of sedentary behavior is lowered. Furthermore, the community cohesion can be promoted, a sense of belonging and connection be fostered, and the overall well-being thereby enhanced. In summary, by optimizing sidewalks, improving street connectivity and enhancing the proximity to amenities, it is possible to effectively create pedestrianfriendly urban environments and boost healthy behaviors.

Another important element influencing healthy behaviors is the presence of social supporting networks and community resources. Firm social relationships are associated with better mental health outcomes and adherence to healthy behaviors. In a secure and wellmaintained environment, individuals can be stimulated to dive into outdoor activities and physical exercises; thus, residents’ health behaviors will be effectively supported, health gaps be narrowed down, and a living environment be created that promotes healthy behaviors.

 Since ancient times, many cities have promoted healthy behaviors by designing proper living environment features. In ancient Rome, for example, the thermaes and aqueducts provided its residents with places to maintain personal hygiene and socialize, thus promoting the public health. In the United Kingdom, the Garden City Movement has created self-sufficient neighborhoods and enhanced the overall well-being of residents by integrating green spaces, pedestrian-friendly streets, and amenities. In Copenhagen, Denmark, a prioritized consideration is given to cycling infrastructure to create a cycling-embracing culture, which has significantly diminished car dependence, traffic congestion and carbon emissions, while promoting fitness and healthy lifestyles. In Singapore, the Health Promotion Board has launched healthy living initiatives to advocate the design of communities with ample green space, sidewalks and recreational facilities, so as to forge health-promoting environments and foster active lifestyles and well-beings. Whether for historical innovations or contemporary initiatives, urban environments have imposed a significant impact on individuals’ behaviors and lifestyles. And successful interventions have always prioritized the well-being of individuals and communities. Health considerations shall be incorporated into planning, design and development of communities, so as to build living environment that can advance healthy behaviors and lift the life quality and well-being of residents.

主编：郑曦教授

Editor-in-Chief: ZHENG Xi

2024年4月6日

April 6, 2024

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